What is extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) used for in equine practice?

ESWT is used to treat proximal suspensory ligament desmitis, navicular syndrome, tendinopathy of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, osteoarthritis pain, and stress fractures. A typical treatment course is three sessions at two-week intervals. High-energy protocols over the heel and navicular region generally require sedation.

How does class IV therapeutic laser differ from class III laser for equine treatment?

Class IV laser delivers 4–10 W of continuous power, penetrating tissue to 3–5 cm depth and achieving photobiomodulation effects at depth in large-animal tissue. Class IIIb laser delivers under 500 mW and is limited to very superficial tissue. Class IV is the standard for equine musculoskeletal and wound healing applications; Class IV requires appropriate operator and patient eye protection at all times.

What portable imaging options are available for equine practice?

Portable DR flat-panel detectors paired with a portable generator deliver full-quality digital radiographs at the stable or in the field. Wireless detectors eliminate tethering and simplify positioning around the limb. Portable ultrasound units with 7.5–10 MHz linear transducers are used for tendon and ligament evaluation; convex probes are preferred for reproductive and abdominal scanning.